Sitemap Section: Creative and Intellectual LifeArchitecture and DesignDomestic architectureFashion and textile designGraphic designIndustrial designLandscape architectureMāori architecture – whare MāoriPublic, commercial and church architectureTheatres, cinemas and hallsArts and SocietyArts and social engagementArts and the nationArts education and trainingArts festivalsArts funding and supportArts reviewingAwards and prizesCensorshipCreative and intellectual expatriatesExhibitions and world’s fairsIntellectual property lawIntellectualsNew Zealand culture overseasPacific arts in New ZealandRegional cultural lifeYoung people and the artsCultural and Heritage InstitutionsArchivesArt galleries and collectionsHistoric placesLibrariesMāori and museums – ngā whare taongaMuseumsLiteratureChildren’s and young adult literatureComics and graphic novelsFictionMāori fiction – ngā tuhinga pakiMāori non-fiction and scholarship – ngā tuhinga me te rangahauNon-fictionPoetryPublishingTranslation and interpreting – te whakamāori ā-tuhi, ā-waha hokiMedia and FilmCartooningDigital media and the internetDocumentary filmExperimental filmFeature filmMagazines and periodicalsMāori and television – whakaataMāori newspapers and magazines – ngā niupepa me ngā moheniMāori radio – reo irirangiNewspapersRadioScreen industryTelevisionMusicBrass and pipe bandsChoral music and choirsClassical musiciansComposersFolk, country and blues musicJazz and dance bandsMāori composers – ngā kaitito waiataMāori musical instruments – taonga puoroOpera and musical theatreOrchestrasPopular musicRecording companies and studiosTraditional Māori songs – waiata tawhitoWaiata hōu – contemporary Māori songsPerforming ArtsActors and actingBalletContemporary danceCultural danceHip hopKapa HakaMāori theatre – te whare tapere hōuPlays and playwrightsTheatre companies and producersTheatre designScholarship and IdeasAnthropology and archaeologyClassical and foreign-language studiesCriticism and the artsHistory and historiansIdeas in New ZealandLife sciencesLinguisticsMāori Studies – ngā tari MāoriMedical researchPhilosophyPhysics, chemistry and mathematicsPublic historyResearch institutionsSocial sciencesVisual ArtsContemporary Māori art – ngā toi hōuCrafts and applied artsMāori rock art – ngā toi anaMāori weaving and tukutuku – te raranga me te whatuMedia artPaintingPhotographyPost-object and conceptual artPublic and street artSculpture and installation artWhakairo – Māori carvingSection: Daily Life, Sport and RecreationAlcohol and DrugsAlcoholDrugsLiquor lawsMāori smoking, alcohol and drugs – tūpeka, waipiro me te tarukinoSmokingBodies and ClothingBeauty contestsBody shape and dietingClothesGymsMāori clothing and adornment – kākahu MāoriNaturismPersonal groomingTā moko – Māori tattooingWashing, cleaning and personal hygieneYoga, Pilates and other exercise systemsFood and DrinkCookingEatingFoodMāori feasts and ceremonial eating – hākariMāori foods – kai MāoriPicnics and barbecuesRestaurants and food outletsTea, coffee and soft drinksHome and Daily LifeDaily life in Māori communities – te noho a te haporiFurnitureHome décor and furnishingsHousehold managementHousingMāori housing – te noho whareRhythms of daily lifeLeisure and PastimesArcade, computer and video gamesCampingCards, board games and puzzlesChildren’s playCollectingDancingDomestic recreation and hobbiesGamblingHolidaysLeisure in traditional Māori society – ngā mahi a te rēhiaMau rākau – Māori use of weaponryNightclubsSewing, knitting and textile craftsTraditional Māori games – ngā tākaroWeekendsSocial Customs and LanguageBirthdays and wedding anniversariesEnglish language in New ZealandHumourManners and social behaviourMāori humor – te whakakataMāori manners and social behaviour – Ngā mahi tikaMarae management – te whakahaere maraeNew Zealand Sign LanguageSpeech and accentTe kawa o te maraeTe reo Māori – the Māori languageNew Zealanders and SportAmateurism and professionalismChildren and sportDisability sportGender and sportGovernment and sportMāori and sport – hākinakinaMilitary and sportOlympic and Commonwealth gamesSport and societySport and the nationSports medicine and drugsSports reporting and commentatingSports venuesVeterans and masters sportSportsArchery, fencing, shooting and military re-enactmentAthleticsBasketballBilliards, snooker, pool and dartsBodybuilding, weightlifting and powerliftingBowls, pétanque and tenpinBoxing and wrestlingCricketCycle racingEquestrianism and horse sportsExtreme sports and adventure sportsFootballGolfHockeyHorse and greyhound racingIce sportsIndoor sportsMāori rugby – whutupaoroMarching teams and cheerleadersMartial artsMinor outdoor sportsMotor sportNetballPowered water sportsRoller skating and skateboardingRowingRugby leagueRugby unionSoftball and baseballSwimmingTennisTriathlon and multisportWaka ama – outrigger canoeingSection: Government and NationEducationAdult educationEarly childhood education and careMāori education – mātaurangaPrimary and secondary educationPrivate educationTertiary educationInstitutions of GovernmentCabinet governmentColonial and provincial governmentConstitutionGovernors and governors-generalLocal and regional governmentOmbudsmen and officers of ParliamentParliamentPremiers and prime ministersSelf-government and independenceLegal SystemHuman rightsJudicial systemLawMāori Land Court – Te Kōti Whenua PolicePrisonsNationhood and IdentityAnniversariesCapital cityCoat of armsCoins and banknotesFlagsMemorials and monumentsNational anthemsNew Zealand identityNgā haki – Māori and flagsPostage stampsPublic buildingsPublic holidaysRoyal familyRoyal honours systemVisitors’ opinions about New ZealandNew Zealand and the WorldAfrica and New ZealandAntarctica and New ZealandAsia and New ZealandAustralia and New ZealandBritain, Europe and New ZealandDevelopment assistance and humanitarian aidEmpire and CommonwealthForeign policy and diplomatic representationInternational lawLatin America and New ZealandMultilateral organisationsPacific Islands and New ZealandUnited States and New ZealandPolitical ParticipationElections and campaignsElectoral systemsInterest groupsKāwanatanga – Māori engagement with the stateKīngitanga – the Māori King movementKotahitanga – unity movementsLabour PartyMedia and politicsNational PartyNgā māngai – Māori representationNgā rōpū tautohetohe – Māori protest movementsPolitical partiesPolitical valuesPublic protestReferendumsTōrangapū – Māori and political partiesVoting rightsState Sector and PolicyBiculturalismCommissions of inquiryCrown entitiesFreedom of official informationHousing and governmentNgā take Māori – government policy and MāoriPublic serviceReserve BankState services and the Public Service CommissionState-owned enterprisesTe ture – Māori and legislationTreasuryTe Tiriti – the TreatyHe Whakaputanga – Declaration of IndependenceNgā whakataunga tiriti – Treaty of Waitangi settlement processPrinciples of the Treaty of Waitangi – ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o WaitangiWaitangi Tribunal – Te Rōpū Whakamana Te Tiriti o Waitangi – the Treaty of WaitangiWar and DefenceArmed forcesAsian conflictsCivil defenceCold WarConscription, conscientious objection and pacifismFirst World WarIntelligence servicesMilitary medalsMusket warsNew Zealand WarsNgā pakanga ki tāwāhi – Māori and overseas warsPeacekeepingSecond World WarSouth African WarTerrorism and counter-terrorismTraditional Māori warfare – RiriVeterans’ assistanceSection: Social ConnectionsDifference and InequalityClassCultural go-betweensEthnic and religious intoleranceEthnic inequalitiesEuropean ideas about MāoriGender inequalitiesIntermarriageMāori–Pākehā relationsNgā tuakiri hōu – new Māori identitiesTe mana o te wāhine – Māori womenTūranga i te hapori – status in Māori societyWomen and menWomen’s movementCommunity OrganisationsAnimal welfare and rightsAnti-racism and Treaty of Waitangi activismDisability and disability organisationsHealth advocacy and self-helpMen’s clubsMigrant and refugee organisationsNgā rōpū – Māori organisationsPrisoner support and advocacyVoluntary welfare organisationsWomen’s labour organisationsWomen’s networks and clubsYouth organisationsFamily, Whānau and HouseholdsAdoptionChildren’s homes and fosteringCommunes and communitiesDiverse familiesDivorce and separationFamilies: a historyFamily welfareGenealogy and family historyMarriage and partneringWhakapapa – genealogyWhānau – Māori and familyWhāngai – customary fostering and adoptionHealthAlternative health therapiesCare and carersChild and youth healthDental careEpidemicsHealth and societyHealth practitionersHospitalsMedicines and remediesMental health servicesMen’s healthPacific Island healthPrimary health carePublic healthSuicideTe hauora Māori i mua – history of Māori healthWomen’s healthLife Stages and PopulationChildhoodDeath and dyingDeath rates and life expectancyInheritanceKaumātua – Māori eldersMidlife adultsNgā mātua – Māori parentingNgā tamarikiOlder peopleParentingPopulation changeTangihanga – death customsTaupori Māori – Māori population changeTeenagers and youthReligionAnglican ChurchAtheism and secularismCatholic ChurchDiverse Christian churchesDiverse religionsInterdenominational ChristianityMāori prophetic movements – ngā poropitiMethodist ChurchMissions and missionariesNgā hāhi – Māori and Christian denominationsPacific churches in New ZealandPresbyterian ChurchRātana Church – Te Haahi RātanaReligion and societySalvation ArmyTraditional Māori religion – ngā karakia a te MāoriCrimeChild abuseDishonesty crimeDomestic violenceGangsSecurity and personal safetyVictims of crimeYouth offendersSexuality and ReproductionAbortionContraception and sterilisationGay men’s livesGender diversityHōkakatanga – Māori sexualitiesInfertility and childlessnessLesbian livesLove and romancePregnancy, birth and baby careSex workSexual healthSexualitiesTe whānau tamariki – pregnancy and birthSection: Economy and the CityEconomic History and GeographyBusiness cyclesCustoms and tariffsEconomic historyEconomic thoughtGovernment and industrial developmentNgā umanga – Māori business enterpriseOverseas trade policyRegional economiesSouth Pacific economic relationsTe Māori i te ohanga – Māori in the economyTe ohanga onamata a rohe – economic regionsInfrastructure and ServicesAmbulance servicesEnergy supply and useFires and fire servicesHydroelectricityMail and couriersMātauranga hangarau – information technologySewage, water and wasteTelecommunicationsLabour ForceApprenticeships and trade trainingEmployer and business organisationsHousehold servicesNgā uniana – Māori and the union movementOccupational structureStrikes and labour disputesTe rāngai mahi – Māori in the workforceUnions and employee organisationsUnpaid domestic workWorkforce compositionWorkplace safety and accident compensationManufacturing and BuildingAgricultural processing industriesBuilding and construction industryBuilding materialsBuilding tradesClothing and footwear manufacturingEngineeringFactory industriesFood and beverage manufacturingInventions, patents and trademarksManufacturing – an overviewPulp and paper, aluminium and steel industriesWorkshop industriesRetail and CommerceAccountancyAdvertisingBusiness failures and corporate fraudDepartment stores and shopping mallsFood shopsInsuranceKnowledge-based industriesMarketsNgā haumi a iwi – Māori investmentReal estateSecond-hand tradeShopsStock marketTe tāpoi Māori – Māori tourismTourist industryThe CityCity boosters and promotersCity children and youthCity history and peopleCity imagesCity parks and green spacesCity planningCity public spacesCity stylesCulture and recreation in the cityHotels and motelsInner-city livingMen and women in the cityNgā tāone nui – Māori and the cityParades and protest marchesStreet lifeSuburbsThe EconomyBalance of paymentsBanking and financeEconomy and the environmentIncome and wealth distributionIndustrial sectorsInternational economic relationsInvestmentLarge companiesLaw and the economyNational income and GDPPrices and inflationSpending in the economyTaxesTransportBicyclesBridges and tunnelsCars and the motor industryCoaches and long-distance busesFerriesFreight and warehousingMotorcyclesPublic transportRailway accidentsRailwaysRoad accidentsRoadsStreets and lightingTaxis and cabsTransport – overviewSection: The BushUnderstanding the Natural WorldNative plants and animals – overviewThe New Zealand bushCollections of plants and animalsEarly mappingEcoregionsEuropean discovery of plants and animalsEvolution of plants and animalsEuropean explorationGeomorphology – a historyKōrero taiaoNgā waewae tapu – Māori explorationPatupaiarehePerceptions of the landscapeSoil investigationTaniwhaTe Ao Mārama – the natural worldTe Waonui a Tāne – forest mythologyLandscapesLandscapes – overviewDune landsGlaciers and glaciationLakesLimestone countryMountainsNearshore islandsPapatūānuku – the landRiversSoilsWaterfallsWetlandsNative Plants & FungiAlpine plantsConifer–broadleaf forestsConifersFerns and lycophytesFlax and flax workingForest succession and regenerationFungiGrasslandsKauri forestLichensLiverworts and hornwortsMossesNew Zealand species overseasOrchidsPoisonous plants and fungiShrublandsShrubs and small trees of the forestSouthern beech forestTall broadleaf treesFish, Frogs & ReptilesEelsFrogsLife in fresh waterLizardsFreshwater fishNgārara – reptilesTuataraWhitebait and whitebaitingInsects & Other InvertebratesInsects – overviewAntsBeetlesButterflies and mothsCicadasGlow-wormsPeripatusSandflies and mosquitoesSnails and slugsSpiders and other arachnidsStick insectsTe aitanga pepeke – the insect worldWasps and beesWētāNative Birds & BatsLand birds – overviewBatsBirds of mountains and open countryBirds of preyKiwiLarge forest birdsMoaNgā manu – birdsSmall forest birdsWetland birdsUses of the BushBush trams and other log transportHorticultural use of native plantsKauri gum and gum diggingLogging native forestsPlant extractsRongoā – medicinal use of plantsTe hopu tuna – eelingTe ngahere – forest loreTe tāhere manu – bird catchingBush and Mountain RecreationBirdwatchingCanoeing and raftingCavingMountaineeringSearch and rescueSkiingTrampingWalking tracksConservationConservation – a historyExtinctionsHuman effects on the environmentIntroduced animal pestsKaitiakitanga – guardianship and conservationNational parksProtected areasThreatened speciesWeeds of the bushSection: Earth, Sea and SkyAstronomyAstronomy – overviewMaramataka – the lunar calendarMatariki – Te Tau Hou MāoriMeteoritesNight skyRanginui – the skySouthern CrossTimekeepingBirds of Sea and ShoreSeabirds – overviewAlbatrossesBird migrationGannets and boobiesGulls, terns and skuasHeronsPenguinsPetrelsShagsWading birdsClimate and AtmosphereAtmosphereClimateClimate changeLightTāwhirimātea – the weatherWeatherWeather forecastingWind and solar powerGeologyGeology – overviewFossilsGemstonesGeological explorationKōhatu – Māori use of stoneMagnetic fieldRock and mineral namesWhenua – how the land was shapedHarvesting the SeaAquacultureFishing industryMātaitai – shellfish gatheringRecreational sea fishingSeafoodSealingTe hī ika – Māori fishingTītī − muttonbirdingWhalingHot Springs and Geothermal EnergyGeothermal energyHot springs, mud pools and geysersLife in hot springsThermal pools and spasMarine EnvironmentsCoastal shorelineEstuariesFiordsOpen oceanSea floorMineral ResourcesMining and underground resourcesBuilding stoneCoal and coal miningGold and gold miningIron and steelMarine mineralsOil and gasPounamu – jade or greenstoneRadioactive mineralsRock, limestone and claySaltNatural Hazards and DisastersNatural hazards – overviewActive faultsEarthquakesFloodsHistoric earthquakesHistoric volcanic activityLandslidesTsunamisVolcanoesOcean Study and ConservationCharting the sea floorCoastal erosionEngineering on the sea floorLaw of the foreshore and seabedLaw of the seaMarine conservationMarine invadersOcean currents and tidesSea floor geologyTangaroa – the seaRecreation – Sea and SkyAerial recreationBeach cultureBeachcombingDiving and snorkellingKites and manu tukutukuLifesaving and surfingOpen water swimmingSailing and windsurfingSea and Air TransportAir crashesAviationCastawaysLighthousesPorts and harboursSeafarersShipbuildingShippingShipwrecksWaka – canoesSea LifeCoastal fishCorals, anemones and jellyfishCrabs, crayfish and other crustaceansDeep-sea creaturesDolphinsMarine animals without backbonesOceanic fishOctopus and squidOrcasPlanktonSealsSeaweedSharks and raysShellfishStarfish, sea urchins and other echinodermsTe whānau puha – whalesWhalesSection: Settled LandscapeAnimal FarmingBeef farmingBeekeepingDairying and dairy productsDeer and deer farmingDiseases of sheep, cattle and deerExotic farm animalsGoats and goat farmingMeat and woolPigs and the pork industryPoultry industryShearingSheep farmingChanging the LandscapeFarm fencingOneone – soilsTe mahi kai – food production economicsFarm mechanisationFarming and the environmentFarming in the economyFire and agricultureIrrigation and drainagePasturesSoil erosion and conservationSoils and regional land useWater qualityWater resourcesClaiming the LandAhuwhenua – Māori land and agricultureTe tango whenua – Māori land alienationLand ownershipModern mapping and surveyingPlace namesTake whenua – Māori land tenureTapa whenua – naming placesCountry LifeCountry schoolingCountry townsDuck shootingFarm buildingsFarm familiesFreshwater fishingGame birdsHuntingRural clothingRural languageRural mediaRural mythologiesRural recreationRural servicesRural tourismRural workersShows and field daysCropsApples and pearsKai Pākehā – introduced foodsNgā tupu mai i Hawaiki – plants from PolynesiaArable farmingCitrus, berries, exotic fruit and nutsHops, tobacco and hempKiwifruitKūmaraMarket gardens and production nurseriesMushrooms and other cultivated fungiOrganic farmingStone fruit and the summerfruit industryViticultureWineFarming Support ServicesAgricultural and horticultural researchAgricultural educationBiosecurityFarmer and grower organisationsFertiliser industryGovernment and agricultureStock and station agenciesSuperphosphateTopdressingTransport of animalsVeterinary servicesIntroduced Plants and AnimalsAcclimatisationKiore – Pacific ratsKurī – Polynesian dogsCoarse fishEarthwormsFarm dogsHōiho – horses and iwiHorsesInsect pests of crops, pasture and forestryIntroduced land birdsPetsPossumsRabbitsTrout and salmonWeeds of agricultureZoos and aquariumsTrees and GardensExotic forestryForestry researchGardensPublic gardensRadiata pineShelter on farmsTrees in the rural landscapeSection: Māori New ZealandersIwiHauraki tribesMāori overseasMarutūahu tribesMorioriMuaūpokoMuriwhenua tribesNgā Rauru KītahiNgāi TahuNgāi TūhoeNgāpuhiNgāti ApaNgāti AwaNgāti KahungunuNgāti ManiapotoNgāti PorouNgāti RaukawaNgāti RongomaiwahineNgāti RuanuiNgāti ToarangatiraNgāti TūwharetoaNgāti WhātuaRangitāneTāmaki tribesTaranaki tribeTauranga MoanaTe ArawaTe Āti Awa of TaranakiTe Āti Awa of WellingtonTe Tau Ihu tribesTe WhakatōheaTe Whānau-ā-ApanuiTūranganui-a-Kiwa tribesUrban MāoriWaikato tribesWhanganui tribesWhangārei tribesMāori origins and arrivalsPacific migrationsCanoe navigationWhen was New Zealand first settled?Ideas about Māori originsHawaikiMāori creation traditionsFirst peoples in Māori traditionCanoe traditionsTribal organisationSection: New Zealand PeoplesOrigins and arrivalsEuropean discovery of New ZealandHistory of immigrationThe voyage outImmigration regulationRefugeesCitizenshipPeoplesAfricansAustraliansCambodiansCentral and South-eastern EuropeansChineseCook IslandersDalmatiansDutchEnglishFijiansFilipinosFrenchGermansGreeks – the Hellenic communityHungariansIndiansIndonesiansIrishItaliansJapaneseJewsKiwis overseasKoreansLaotiansLatin AmericansMalaysians and SingaporeansMiddle Eastern peoplesNiueansNorth AmericansOther Western EuropeansPolesRussians, Ukrainians and Baltic peoplesSamoansScandinaviansScotsSouth AfricansSouth Pacific peoplesSri LankansSwissThaisThe New ZealandersTokelauansTongansVietnameseWelshSection: PlacesAucklandAuckland regionAuckland placesBay of PlentyBay of Plenty regionBay of Plenty placesCanterburyCanterbury regionCanterbury placesEast CoastEast Coast regionEast Coast placesHauraki–CoromandelHauraki–Coromandel regionHauraki–Coromandel placesHawke's BayHawke’s Bay regionHawke’s Bay placesKing CountryKing Country regionKing Country placesManawatū and HorowhenuaManawatū and Horowhenua regionManawatū and Horowhenua placesMarlboroughMarlborough regionMarlborough placesNelsonNelson regionNelson placesNorthlandNorthland regionNorthland placesOffshore IslandsChatham IslandsKermadec IslandsSubantarctic islandsOtagoOtago regionOtago placesSouth CanterburySouth Canterbury regionSouth Canterbury placesSouthlandSouthland regionSouthland placesStewart Island/RakiuraTaranakiTaranaki regionTaranaki placesVolcanic PlateauVolcanic Plateau regionVolcanic Plateau placesWaikatoWaikato regionWaikato placesWairarapaWairarapa regionWairarapa placesWellingtonWellington regionWellington placesWest CoastWest Coast regionWest Coast placesWhanganuiWhanganui regionWhanganui placesSection: New Zealand in BriefCreative lifeNew Zealand creativityVisual arts and craftsDesign and fashionArchitectureFilm and broadcastingWriting and publishingMusicPerforming artsMāoriPeople and culture todayPre-European societyThe arrival of EuropeansDecline and revivalUrbanisation and renaissanceHistoryMāori arrival and settlementEuropeans to 1840British sovereignty and settlementWar, expansion and depressionLiberal to LabourThe later 20th centuryEconomyDistinctive featuresAgricultural productionOther primary productionSecondary productionTertiary productionExternal tradeConsumptionWorkers and incomesThe Māori economy: a historyThe European economy: a historyNatural environmentGeography and geologyCoastsClimateThe bush and its plantsFaunaNation and governmentThe origins of nationhoodFrom colony to nationThe constitutionSystem of governmentThe electoral systemThe state sector and Crown entitiesThe legal systemLocal governmentNationhood and identityNew Zealand in the worldSocietyThe people of New ZealandWhere New Zealanders liveFamilies and householdsSex and genderThe health of the nationEducationReligion and the churchesModern societyFood, drink and dressSports and leisureHome and cityGamblingInformal sportsOrganised sportsSite InformationAbout this siteWhat's newWho is Te Ara?Te Ara in printDictionary of New Zealand BiographyContact usSubmit your storyContribute an imageSearching Te AraTe Ara technologyPrivacy statementCopyrightDisclaimerGlossary